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Understanding The Laws [5/9, 7:42 AM] Vikram Singh: Class 8 Civics – Chapter 4
Understanding laws
Introduction
In the previous chapters, you have read about different laws such as at what age a person can vote, the age at which Indian men and women can get married among others. We know that in a democratic country like India, the Parliamentary Body is in charge of making different laws.
In this chapter, we will try to understand whether these laws are applicable to everyone? How these new laws are formed? Can a new law be controversial? What should be the citizens’ reaction when these things happen?
Do Laws Apply to All?
Suppose a top government officials helps his daughter in hiding because the latter has been given a five year sentence for the crime that she has committed which has been proved in the court. From this example, it is clear that the official’s action is against the law. It is clear that he has tried to violate the law.
In Chapter 1, it was explained that while framing different laws, the members of the Constituent Assembly had agreed on this fact that in independent India, there shall be no arbitrary exercise of power. Hence, several provisions were instituted in the Constitution that would establish the law’s rule. The most important among all rules was that all the citizens of India were equal.
laws
Law does not discriminate between different citizens on the basis of their caste, religion or gender. The Rules of law means that no citizen is above the law and all these laws apply equally to every Indian citizen. Whether a person is wealthy, a Government Official or even the country’s President – everyone is equal before the law.
If a person commits a crime or violates the law – it has specific punishment. There also exists a process through which the person’s guilt can be established. However, the question is – has the system always been like this?
In ancient times, there existed innumerable laws. Local laws often overlapped each other. Different communities had different stages of autonomy as they administered these laws among themselves. In some cases, two persons belonging to different castes received different punishments. While the upper caste person received lenient punishment, those belonging to the lower caste received harsher punishments. However, during the colonial period, this process began to change as the laws started evolving.
It has always been stated that the rule of law was introduced in India by the British colonialists. However, the historians have always disputed this fact on several grounds. Two of these are –
i) The Colonial Rule was arbitrary.
ii) Indian Nationalists had an important role in developing British India’s legal sphere.
[5/9, 7:43 AM] Vikram Singh: Question and Answers
Q1. Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response
include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.
Ans. According to the ‘Rule of Law,’ every citizen of India is equal before the law regardless of any discrimination. Whether a person is a regular citizen or a minister, they would be punished by law if they have committed any crime.
For Example, there are politicians who have plenty of money but they do not pay taxes or declare it before the Election Commission. When the Income Tax officials try to raid their places to curb illegal money, these politicians try to use their power to prevent them.
Q2. State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.
Ans. The two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India are:
The Colonial Laws were arbitrary, especially the Sedition Act of 1870. Under this law, the Britishers could arrest any Indian citizen without proof and hold a trial against them.
As the nineteenth century was ending, the legal space in India was prospering. Indian nationalists played a critical role in developing India’s legal sphere.
Q3. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.
Ans. The women’s group worked in different ways to pass the ‘Bill of Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act.’ First of all, they collected several cases of domestic violence that different women were facing. Then they started campaigning on a large scale and raised all these issues. A group of activists, lawyers and law students took consultations from everywhere across the country and they took the lead in drafting this Bill against Domestic Violence. These groups had different meetings with different organisations of Government.
After this, several women’s groups submitted the Draft of this law to the ‘Parliamentary Standing Committee.’ The lawmakers introduced this Bill to Parliament in 2002. It was during December 2002, that the Parliamentary Standing Committee submitted its recommendations regarding this Bill in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The new Bill was introduced in 2005. Once the Bill was passed by both Houses, it was sent to the President for approval. Finally, this Bill came into existence in 2005.
Q4. Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on page 44-45: They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.
Ans. The line depicts how the Indian nationalists were anguished due to the Britishers’ rule. The rulers had introduced Sedition Act in 1870 which was arbitrary in nature. According to this Law, any Indian who dared to criticize or protest against the decisions of the British government could be arrested without any trial.
Due to this, the Indian Nationalists felt that they needed to bring a change in this law which was violating the rights of an Indian. It was derogatory in nature and was being forced on them.
Then, the Indian Nationalists started protesting on a large scale against the arbitrary use of this law. Hence, they fought to demand equality for the Indians with keeping the ‘Idea of Justice’ in mind.
Vikram Singh
2020-05-09
2
2020-05-08
UKG-A
ENGLISH
cursive capital and small letters write cursive capital and small letters from A to Q
Mrs. Reena
2020-05-08
3
2020-05-08
1ST-A
MATH
Adding three Number Adding three Number
Mr. Madan Lal
2020-05-08
4
2020-05-08
2ND- L
MATH
Addison of two digit Write Activity no 4 Q -1to Q -6 and practice.
Mr. Birender Kumar
2020-05-08
5
2020-05-07
9TH-A
S.SCIENCE
History - Chapter 2
Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
Question 1. What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?
Answer 1.
Social Conditions:
About 85% of Russia's population was into agriculture. Workers were a divided social group. Some had strong links with the villages from which they came. Others had settled in cities permanently.
Workers were divided by skill. Despite divisions, workers did unite to strike work (stop work) when they disagreed with employers about dismissals or work conditions. These strikes took place frequently in the textile industry during 1896-1897, and in the metal industry during 1902.
In the countryside, peasants cultivated most of the land. But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties. Like workers, peasants too were divided. They were also deeply religious. But except in a few cases they had no respect for the nobility.
Economic Conditions:
The vast majority of people in Russia were agriculturists. About 85 percent of the Russian empire ís population earned their living from agriculture cultivators produced for the market as well as for their own needs and Russia was a major exporter of grain.
The industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St Petersburg and Moscow. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside craft workshops.
Many factories were set up in the 1890s when Russiaís railway network was extended, and foreign investment in industry increased. Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled.
In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them. Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. In 1902, this occurred on a large scale in south Russia. And in 1905, such incidents took place all over Russia.
Political Condition:
Socialists were active in the countryside through the late nineteenth century. They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900. This party struggled for peasant's rights and demanded that land belonging to nobles be transferred to peasants.
Social Democrats disagreed with Socialist Revolutionaries about peasants. Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group. Some were poor and others rich, some worked as labourers while others were capitalists who employed workers.
Given this differentiation within them, they could not all be part of a socialist movement. The party was divided over the strategy of the organisation. Vladimir
Lenin (who led the Bolshevik group) thought that in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia the party should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members.
Russia was an autocracy. Tsar was not subject to parliament. Liberals in Russia campaigned to end this state of affairs.
Together with the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries, they worked with peasants and workers during the revolution of 1905 to demand a constitution.
One day over 110,000 workers in St Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages
and improvement in working conditions.
When the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded.
The incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution.
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science: History - Chapter 1 The French Revolution
Question 2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
Answer 2.
About 85 percent of the Russian empire's population earned their living from agriculture. This proportion was higher than in most European countries.
For instance, in France and Germany, the proportion was between 40 per cent and 50 per cent.
In the empire, cultivators produced for the market as well as for their own needs and Russia was a major exporter of grain.
Russian peasants were different from other European peasants in another way. They pooled their land together periodically and their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
Question 3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Answer 3.
In 1914, war broke out between two European alliances - Germany, Austria and Turkey (the Central powers) and France, Britain and Russia (later Italy and Romania). This was the First World War.
In Russia, the war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II. As the war continued, though, the Tsar refused to consult the main parties in the Duma. Support wore thin.
Anti-German sentiments ran high, as can be seen in the renaming of St Petersburg - a German name- as Petrograd.
The Tsarina Alexandra's German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular.
The First World War on the 'eastern front' differed from that on the 'western front'. In the west, armies fought from trenches stretched along eastern France. In the east, armies moved a good deal and fought battles leaving large casualties. Defeats were shocking and demoralising.
Russia's armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917.
As they retreated, the Russian army destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy from being able to live off the land. The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
The war also had a severe impact on the industry. Russia's own industries were few in number and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea.
Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. By 1916, railway lines began to break down. Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, there were labour shortages and small workshops producing essentials were shut down.
Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the army. For the people in the cities, bread and flour became scarce. By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common. In February 1917, the government suspended the Duma.
Military commanders advised Tsar to abdicate. He followed their advice and abdicated on 2 March.
Question 4. Make two lists: one with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history.
Answer 4.
February Revolution:
In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt in the workersí quarters. The winter was very cold & there had been an exceptional frost and heavy snow. Parliamentarians wishing to preserve the elected government were opposed to the Tsar's desire to dissolve the Duma.
On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank. The next day, workers in fifty factories called a strike in sympathy.
In many factories, women led the way to strikes. This came to be called the International Women's Day.
On Sunday, 25 February, the government suspended the Duma. Politicians spoke out against the measure.
Demonstrators returned in force to the streets of the left bank on the 26th. On the 27th, the Police Headquarters were ransacked. The
streets thronged with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy.
The government tried to control the situation and called out the cavalry once again. However, the cavalry refused to fire on the demonstrators
An officer was shot at the barracks of a regiment and three other regiments mutinied, voting to join the striking workers. By that evening, soldiers and striking workers had gathered to form a 'soviet' or 'council' in the same building as the Duma met. This was the Petrograd Soviet.
The very next day, a delegation went to see the Tsar.
Military commanders advised him to abdicate. He followed their advice and abdicated on 2 March. Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country. Russiaís future would be decided by a constituent assembly, elected based on universal adult suffrage. Petrograd had led the February Revolution that brought down the monarchy in February 1917.
In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from his exile. He and the Bolsheviks had opposed the war since 1914.
He declared that the war be brought to a close, land be transferred to the peasants, and banks be nationalised. These three demands were Lenin's 'April Theses'.
Popular demonstrations staged by the Bolsheviks July 1917 were sternly repressed.
Meanwhile, in the countryside, peasants and their Socialist Revolutionary leaders pressed for a redistribution of land.
Land committees were formed to handle this. Encouraged by the Socialist Revolutionaries, peasants seized land between July and September 1917.
October Revolution:
On 16 October 1917, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and
the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. A
Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet
under Leon Trotskii to organise the seizure. The date of the event
was kept a secret.
The uprising began on 24 October. Sensing trouble, Prime Minister
Kerenskii had left the city to summon troops. At dawn, military men loyal to the government seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers. Pro-government troops were sent to take over telephone
and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace.
In a swift response, the Military Revolutionary Committee ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers.
Late in the day, the ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace. Other vessels
sailed down the Neva and took over various military points. By nightfall, the city was under the committee's control and the ministers had surrendered.
At a meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action.
Uprisings took place in other cities. There was heavy fighting - especially in Moscow - but by December, the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area. The Bolsheviks were opposed to private property.
Most industry and banks were nationalised in November 1917.
The land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).
In November 1917, the Bolsheviks conducted the elections to the Constituent Assembly, but they failed to gain majority support.
In January 1918, the Assembly rejected Bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the Assembly. He thought the All Russian Congress of Soviets was more democratic than an assembly elected in uncertain conditions.
In March 1918, despite opposition by their political allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with Germany at Brest Litovsk.
Question 5. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Answer 5.
The main changes were:
Most industry and banks were nationalised in November 1917.
The land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.
They banned the use of the old titles of the aristocracy.
New uniforms were designed for the army and officials.
The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)
In November 1917, the Bolsheviks conducted the elections to the Constituent Assembly, but they failed to gain majority support.
In January 1918, the Assembly rejected Bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the Assembly
In March 1918, despite opposition by their political allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with Germany at Brest Litovsk.
The Bolsheviks became the only party to participate in the elections to the All Russian Congress of Soviets, which became the Parliament of the country.
Russia became a one-party state. Trade unions were kept under party control.
Question 6. Write a few lines to show what you know about:
? kulaks
? the Duma
? women workers between 1900 and 1930
? the Liberals
? Stalinís collectivisation programme.
Answer 6.
? kulaks:
It is the term used for well-to-do peasants. Stalin believed that kulaks in the countryside were holding stocks in the hope of higher prices. In 1928, communist party members toured the grain-producing areas, supervising enforced grain collections, and raiding 'kulaks'.
? the Duma: During the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament, also known as Duma.
After 1905, most committees and unions worked unofficially, since they were declared illegal. Severe restrictions were placed on political activity. The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re-elected second Duma within three months. He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Tsar dissolve the Duma on 25 February 1917 after which he had to abdicate his own post on the 2nd 1917.
? women workers between 1900 and 1930:
Women made up 31 per cent of the factory labour force by 1914, but they were paid less than men (between half and three-quarters of a manís wage). Later it was women who led the way to strikes in many factories, during the February revolution.
? the Liberals:
One of the groups which looked to change society were the liberals. Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. Liberals also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments. They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. However, they were not ‘democrats’. They did not believe in universal adult franchise, that is, the right of every citizen to vote. They felt men of property mainly should have the vote. They also did not want the vote for women.
? Stalin’s collectivisation programme:
From 1929, the Party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared. Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock.
Between 1929 and 1931, the number of cattle fell by one-third. Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished. Many were deported and exiled. As they resisted collectivisation, peasants argued that they were not rich and they were not against socialism. They merely did not want to work in collective farms for a variety of reasons. Stalinís government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators unsympathetically.
In spite of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately. In fact, the bad harvests of 1930-1933 led to one of most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million died.
Revolt of 1857 Q1 On an outline map of India, show the centers of revolt 1857.
Q2 Write a short note on Rani Laxmi bai?
Q3. Who was the last Peshwa?
Ans. Peshwa Baji Rao II
Q4. Who led the revolt in Kanpur?
Ans. Nana Saheb
Q5. Who was the mother of Birjis Qadr?
Ans. Begum Hazrat Mahal
Q6. Who was the leader of the mutiny as proclaimed by the sepoys?
Ans. Bahadur Shah Zafar
Q7. Who translated the memoirs of Sitaram Pande into English?
Ans. Norgate translated it into English.
Q8. Who was the son of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah?
Ans. Birjis Qadr was the son of the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.
Q9. Name the country where the Indian Sepoys were asked to go through the sea route.
Ans. Burma
Q10. Under what pretext did the British annex Awadh?
Ans. In 1801, a subsidiary alliance was imposed on Awadh, and in 1856 it was taken over.
Q11. Who wrote the book Majha Pravaas?
Ans. The book Majha Pravaas was written by Vishnubhatt Godse, a Brahman from a village in Maharashtra.
Q12. When was Mangal Pandey hanged to death and why?
Ans. On 29 March 1857, a young soldier, Mangal Pandey, was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore.
Q13. What was the first step taken by the company towards ending the Mughal dynasty?
Ans. The name of the Mughal king was removed from the coins minted by the Company.
Q14. What rumour spread among the sepoys of the Meerut regiment about the new cartridges?
Ans. The rumour spread that the new cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs.
Q15. Who took charge of a large force of fighters who came to Delhi?
Ans. Bakht Khan, a soldier from Bareilly, took charge of a large force of fighters who came to Delhi.
Q16. What is mutiny?
Ans. When soldiers as a group disobey their officers in the army then it is called mutiny.
Q17. Who was ’Viceroy’?
Ans. The Governor-General of India was given the title of Viceroy, that is, a personal representative of the Crown.
Q18. What was Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah's prophecy?
Ans. Ahmadullah Shah, a maulvi from Faizabad, prophesied that the rule of the British would come to an end soon.
Vikram Singh
2020-05-07
8
2020-05-07
9TH-A
ENGLISH
Rain on the Roof Rain on the Roof - Poem Class 9 CBSE English Explanation, Summary, Question Answers,
Introduction to the Poem
From the title of the Poem-‘Rain on the Roof’, we can make out that the poem is about the rain. The poet is telling us about the memories he has of the rain. The sound of the raindrops falling on the roof of his house brings back sweet memories of the past.
Summary
The poem ‘Rain on the Roof’ talks about the poet’s varied reactions to the sound of raindrops falling on the roof of his house. He says that the raindrops at night are like tears shed by the sad, dark night. He loves to lie in bed and hear rain falling on the roof of his room because it gets back sweet memories of the past. He says that the sound of rain drops helps him fall asleep and gives him sweet dreams. He has memories of his loving mother who would put them to sleep.
Question and Answers
1.What do the following phrases mean to you? Discuss in class.
(i) humid shadows
(ii) starry spheres
(iii) what a bliss
(iv) a thousand dreamy fancies into busy being start
(v) a thousand recollections weave their air-threads into woof
A.
(i) ‘humid shadows’ refers to the dark clouds which are full of water.
(ii) ‘starry spheres’ refers to the sky at night time which is full of stars.
(iii) ‘bliss’ means a blessing.
(iv) ‘a thousand dreamy fancies into busy being start’ means that people start having varied sweet dreams.
(v) ‘a thousand recollections weave their air-threads into woof’ means that when people are asleep, the memories of the past come back into their mind in the form of dreams.
2. What does the poet like to do when it rains?
A. When it rains, the poet likes to lay in bed and hear the rain falling on the roof of his room.
3. What is the single major memory that comes to the poet? Who are the “darling
dreamers” he refers to?
A. The poet has memories of his beloved mother. When he was a child, she would put him and his siblings to bed and allowed them to sleep till late. They had sweet dreams in their sleep. “Darling Dreamers” refers to the poet and his siblings when they were children and had sweet dreams. They were loved by their mother and so, were her ‘darlings’.
4. Is the poet now a child? Is his mother still alive?
A. No, now the poet is not a child. He is an adult. His mother is not alive anymore.
Vikram Singh
2020-05-07
9
2020-05-07
10TH-A
ENGLISH
A Tiger in the Zoo A Tiger in the Zoo Poem Introduction
The poem written by Leslie Norris explains the agony and helplessness of a caged tiger that lives in a zoo. The poet explains what his life could be if he had been a free animal. The poet has tried to explain about the condition of animals that are caged by human beings for their own fun.
A Tiger in the Zoo Summary of the poem
The poem begins with a description of a tiger that is very beautiful and is walking in his little cage. He has beautiful stripes on his skin and has velvet like soft paws. But the tiger is not happy and is quite angry about being confined in the cage. The poet says that if the tiger was not confined to the zoo cage, he would have been hiding himself behind the long grass near some water body, in order to catch its prey that is the deer. Also, he would have terrorised the residents of the villages around the forest area. But the reality is totally opposite to this. He was confined in a cage which was made up of strong building material and he was helpless there. He could not show his power to the visitors, therefore, never tried to terrorize them. The tiger is described as being powerless and agonized by the poet. He says that during night also he is alone, hearing the voice of the patrolling vehicles of police and looking at the stars. The cage life has totally changed the tiger’s personality. The poet is trying to say that the animal which is famous for its fearlessness and freedom is confined and sad due to the human beings who want to derive pleasure by looking at him in the zoo cage.
A Tiger in the Zoo Question and Answers
Q1- Read the poem again, and work in pairs or groups to do the following tasks.
(i) Find the words that describe the movements and actions of the tiger in the cage and in the wild. Arrange them in two columns.
(ii) Find the words that describe the two places, and arrange them in two columns.
Now try to share ideas about how the poet uses words and images to contrast the two situations.
A1- (1)
In the cage
In the wild
Stalks, quiet rage, ignoring visitors, hears the sound of patrolling cars, stares at stars
Lurking in shadow, sliding through the long grass, snarling around houses, baring his white fangs, terrorizing the village
(2)
CAGE
WILD
Few steps of his cage
Shadow, long grass
Locked in concrete cell
Snarling around houses
His Strength behind bars
Baring his white fangs, his claws
Terrorising the village
Ignoring visitors
Q2- Notice the use of a word repeated in lines such as these:
(i) On pads of velvet quiet, In his quiet rage.
(ii) And stares with his brilliant eyes At the brilliant stars.
What do you think is the effect of this repetition?
A2- The poet has repeated the words to give a nice impact to his poem. Like the use of quiet with velvet pads describes that the tiger has to walk in the limited area of his cage. He cannot run as he would have done had it been in the forest. Whereas ‘quiet rage’ shows the hidden anger inside him which has grown stronger because of his confinement in the cage. The next word he used is ‘brilliant’. The word brilliant in the first line means the twinkling bright stars and the brilliant words used for the tiger’s eyes shows the sadness of the tiger who would have led a free and fearless life if it were in the jungle.
Vikram Singh
2020-05-07
10
2020-05-06
1ST-A
MATH
Addition Add one digit number
Mr. Madan Lal
2020-05-06
11
2020-05-06
7THR
ENGLISH
chapter 2, Brave in life,brave in death Word meaning
JYOTI
2020-05-06
12
2020-05-06
6TH-R
ENGLISH
Trees Word meaning
JYOTI
2020-05-06
13
2020-05-06
4TH-R
ENGLISH
chapter 1 The story about ... truth telling,honesty, fearlessness.
JYOTI
2020-05-06
14
2020-05-06
1ST-A
ELGA
read page no 12 and 13 read page no 12 and 13
Mrs.Sunita Kumari
2020-05-06
15
2020-05-06
UKG-A
ENGLISH
cursive capital and small letters write cursive capital and small letters from A to P
